Blog

Oct 11, 2023

Decorated graphene oxide with gold nanoparticles as a sensitive modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of tyrosine and uric acid

Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 17501 (2023) Cite this article 2 Altmetric Metrics details It is presented here as a simple, selective, rapid, low-cost, with a wide linear range method

Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 17501 (2023) Cite this article

2 Altmetric

Metrics details

It is presented here as a simple, selective, rapid, low-cost, with a wide linear range method to simultaneously determine tyrosine and uric acid using a modified carbon paste electrode decorated with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles (GO/AuNPs/MCPE). In order to characterize and evaluate the morphology and constituents of the nanostructures, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopes, Dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Voltammetry were employed. The current response on the surface of the modified electrode had a dynamic linear range relationship in the concentrations of 0.14–340.00 µmol L−1 and 0.06–141.00 µmol L−1 for tyrosine and uric acid, respectively, and the method detection limit (MDL) was 0.0060 µmol L−1 and 0.0037 µmol L−1, respectively. This modified electrode provided high stability, sensitivity, and acceptable reproducibility for voltammetric measurements of tyrosine and uric acid simultaneously in a biological matrix.

Uric acid's chemical formula is C5H4N4O3, a heterocyclic compound composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Uric acid is a raw waste material produced as a by-product of purine decomposition. An individual with a healthy kidney system excretes uric acid from the blood into the urine. Due to the fact that some kidney diseases are diagnosed based on the level of uric acid in the blood, the determination of uric acid is crucial for the diagnosis of kidney diseases. A high uric acid level in the blood can cause gout, a painful disease caused by the crystallization of the acid. A high uric acid level in the body can also lead to uremia, leukemia, and pneumonia1. Uric acid is an effective reducing agent and a robust antioxidant that makes up approximately half of the antioxidant capacity of human blood plasma. A majority of the uric acid produced by the body is excreted in the urine by the kidneys every day. Increased serum uric acid levels or hyperuricemia are caused by kidney function declining by 5–25%2,3.

Tyrosine is an amino acid with the chemical formula C9H11NO3, referred to as 2-amino acid 3-(hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid used by the body to synthesize proteins and is one of the 20 amino acids found in the human body. It is a water-soluble amino acid with low solubility. According to Wikipedia, tyrosine takes its name from the Greek word (Tyri), which means cheese, as a German chemist named Liebing was the first to isolate tyrosine from casein protein in cheese in 18464. Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters produced as a result of protein synthesis in the human body. Tyrosine is also called para-hydroxyphenylalanine because it is broken and converted into tyrosine by the oxidation of phenylalanine after entering the body by an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase5. It is common to find tyrosine in natural foods; however, its low levels are associated with low blood pressure, low body temperature, albinism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, and hypothyroidism. A person who cannot meet their body's need for this substance through natural food sources may be at risk of its dangerous effects6. Due to the accumulation of phenylalanine in different tissues, phenylketonuria disease, which is a disorder of phenylalanine no acid metabolism, causes brain damage and mental retardation. A sample of a tyrosine supplement is being produced and is available for you to try. Typically, a normal individual requires 5–7 g of this amino acid per day. Despite the fact that this substance is not harmful to the body, its excessive consumption poses a threat to health, and an overdose of this amino acid can lead to an increase in blood pressure and skin problems. Natural sources of this amino acid include meat, dairy products, eggs, carrots, and bananas7. A biological fluid such as serum or urine generally contains tyrosine and uric acid. The biological environments of blood serum and urine are very complex and include a variety of compounds. The determination and control of these compounds are crucial and necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. This is because changes outside their natural range can disrupt the stability of the internal compounds of the body, causing disorders in human health. There is an important need to establish methods that make it possible to measure these essential compounds simultaneously, like tyrosine and uric acid, since their changes are highly dependent on each other8.

The modified electrode showed acceptable repeatability and reproducibility parameters in the studies conducted. Electrode specificity was significantly increased, and electron transfer kinetics were improved on the electrode surface modified during the electrochemical oxidation of tyrosine and uric acid, which resulted in a significant increase in the voltammetric response compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. High-performance chromatography9,10 and spectrometry11,12 Even though this method operates properly, it has disadvantages such as a high price, a long analysis time, and a requirement to prepare the difficult and complex sample construction, making it not suitable for daily measurements. Despite this, the methods for measuring uric acid and tyrosine still have disadvantages. Due to their high sensitivity, simplicity, speed, affordability, and lack of need for sample preparation, electrochemical techniques have been highly regarded today13,14,15. They have been reported to determine tyrosine and uric acid16,17,18. The yellow color of gold is due to the reflection of blue light at the end of the spectrum, but the size of the particles becomes smaller than the wavelength of the reflection as the size of the particles decreases. In this situation, the interaction between gold and light will cause electronic oscillations followed by surface plasmon resonance19. The tendency and attachment of sulfur-containing groups to the surface of gold particles have attracted many researchers’ attention to using gold nanoparticles in many types of research20. Gold nanoparticles have received considerable attention in recent years. In order to analyze biological materials, nanoparticles as modifiers have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their high surface area, good biocompatibility, relatively good conductivity, and physical and chemical properties21,22.

All electrochemical measurements were performed using a potentiostat/galvanostat (Vertex, Ivium, Eindhoven, Netherlands) connected to a personal computer and controlled by IviumSoft 2.5 software. A three-electrode setup was used for performing experiments in a 50 mL glass cell. A modified carbon paste electrode decorated with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles (GO/AuNPs/MCPE) as a working electrode, a platinum electrode as an auxiliary electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode (manufactured by Azar Electrode Company) were used for voltammetric measurements. In this research, the working electrode was made separately. All the potentials are reported relative to the reference electrode. Also, a pH/mV meter was used to measure pH.

Tyrosine, uric acid, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, graphite powder, ecosan, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were supplied from Merck, Germany.

The electrode was prepared by mixing gold nanoparticles-modified graphene oxide (8% weight percent), graphite powder, and ecosan (62:30% weight percent) for 20 min at 40 °C. As a next step, it was transferred to a Teflon tube with an inner diameter of 5 mm and an outer diameter of 2 mm, and its connection was established via a copper wire located in the middle of the tube.

We obtained GO and Au NPs from local suppliers in Iran (Nanosany Co. and Iranian Nanomaterials Co.). It is essential for the preparation of Nanofluids that carbon materials are dispersed in a base fluid. Because of the van der Waals interaction between carbon sheets and the large aspect ratio, dispersing carbon materials in aqueous solutions is challenging. Under normal conditions, graphene Nanosheets cannot be dispersed in water due to their hydrophobic nature23,24. In order to prepare hydrophilic graphene Nanosheets (graphene oxide), COOH functional groups are used to functionalize graphene Nanosheets, and this results in the enhancement of the stability of the Nanofluids prepared25. Graphene oxide gold nanoparticles/water hybrid Nanofluid (GO/Au NPs/water) were prepared using a two-step procedure in our study26,27,28,29. By using suitable dispersion approaches, the NPs that were separately generated were dispersed in water. The nanomaterials (GO and Au NPs) were mixed with distilled water (DW). A stable homogeneous hybrid Nano fluid was prepared by ultrasonic homogenizer (UP400S, Hielscher GmbH; 400 Watts and 24 kHz, 5 min) with specific concentrations according to response surface methodology. It was prepared by preparing 1000 ml of gold nanoparticle solution with a concentration of 100.0 ppm (100 mg gold nanoparticle in 1000 ml water) and then dilution of the first solution (100 ppm) to 100 ml with distilled water to prepare Au NPs with a concentration of 50.5 ppm. A concentration of 1.0 ppm of Au NPs was then prepared by diluting 1 ml of the first solution (100 ppm) with 100 ml of distilled water.

Material's properties depend on the properties of its constituents, NPs, and the base fluid, due to its content and nature. Therefore, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the properties of NPs. In ambient conditions, an X-ray powder diffractometer with a Cu Ka radiation source at 1.54 angstrom was used to study the crystal structure of NPs. In the low angle range of 1°–80°, the intensity of diffracted X-rays from the GO nanoparticles is plotted as a function of angle. These results provide information regarding the characteristics of the X-ray wave and the periodic ordering of the sample crystals. Based on the XRD pattern, there is only one peak with a constant intensity at an angle 2Ɵ = 10.4630.

Each peak's angle is determined by its distance from the platelet and its intensity by the order in which the atoms are arranged on the platelet. Based on the results, the developed sample meets all specifications, as only a single peak is observed with a specific intensity. The Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results (Fig. 1S) for the gold nanoparticles show very similar sizes, with an average diameter below 15 nm (the figure is not shown). In the use of Nanofluids, the primary parameter is the assessment of the dispersion of the NPs in the water. Zeta potential is the index of the surface charge of NPs that affects this factor. A significant value should be present for Nanofluids (stable colloids) due to the strong electrostatic repulsion that occurs between the NPs. In a Nanofluid with small stability, NPs would have weak repelling forces, and aggregation would occur with a low zeta potential index as a result of collisions between NPs. There is a general consensus that Nanofluids with zeta potentials above 30 mV are stable nanofluids, and nanofluids with zeta potentials below 20 mV are unstable nanofluids. The mean zeta potential of the developed hybrid Nano fluid was 52.6 mV Fig. 2S-a,b. Additionally, gold nanoparticles are observed as dark dots with an average diameter of 15 nm on a light-shaded substrate equivalent to planar graphene oxide sheets. Due to the sheet-like structure of graphene-based nanocomposites, low-intensity peaks in different-size regions have been commonly observed in previous research investigating graphene-based nanocomposites31,32,33,34.

To study the electrochemical activity of GO/AuNPs/MCPE compared to the unmodified electrode, square wave voltammetric (SWV) responses in the presence of uric acid and tyrosine solution with concentrations of 19.05 µmol L−1 and 23.2 µmol L−1 in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution with pH 2.0 and prepotential of 0.42 mv was investigated (Fig. 1).

Electrochemical voltammogram of SWV technique of bare (a) GO/MCPE (b), and GO/AuNPs/MCPE (c) electrode in the presence of uric acid solution (with concentration 19.05 µmol L−1) and tyrosine (with concentration 23.2 µmol L−1) in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride at pH 2.0. Electrochemical condition: pre-potential of 0.42 mv applied for 10 s, used electrodes (working electrode: modified carbon paste electrode, reference electrode: SCE, auxiliary electrode: platinum wire), temperature: 25 °C.

The voltammetric response of the unmodified electrode is shown in Fig. 1a, which shows how the electrode reacts to the solution containing analytes. It is noted that the electrode's response to analytes is relatively low, and a peak of low current is observed, which indicates that it is not efficient. The voltammogram in Fig. 1b,c illustrates the response of the GO/MCPE and GO/AuNPs/CPE, indicating that the peak current of the modified electrode with GO/AuNPs is increased compared to the voltammogram in Fig. 1a,b. An investigation of the effects of different factors on the simultaneous determination of tyrosine and uric acid was conducted in order to optimize and obtain the best possible response of the electrode.

The pH of the environment is one of the most important factors in electrochemical investigations and can have a significant impact on electrochemically determining tyrosine and uric acid oxidation currents. In this analysis, the effect of pH on peak potential is analyzed to determine the protons versus electrons ratio. Therefore, the effect of pH on uric acid and tyrosine oxidative behavior was evaluated separately by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate solution for the modified electrode at concentrations of 14.15 µmol L−1 and 48.70 µmol L−1 in the pH range of 1.0–7.0. Figure 2 and Fig. 3S illustrate the results.

LSV voltammogram of uric acid at concentration of 14.15 µmol L−1 at different pHs, ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 at the surface of the modified electrode (a), Ep versus pH (b), Ip versus pH (c) in 0.1 mol L − −1 buffer phosphate solution with a scan rate of 100 mv/s, used electrodes (working electrode: modified carbon paste electrode, reference electrode: SCE, auxiliary electrode: platinum wire), temperature: 25 °C.

SWV of different concentrations of uric acid(0.06, 10.49, 13.7, 23.4, 28.5, 34..6, 42.1, 62.1, 75.4, 85.5, 96.9, 109.0, 141.0 µM) and tyrosine(0.14, 33.0, 56.7, 68.9, 83.7, 101.0, 123.0, 182.0, 206.0, 233.0, 265.0, 300.0, 340.0 µM) on the surface of the modified electrode (a), the linear calibration curve of peak current versus different concentrations of tyrosine solution (b), the linear calibration curve of peak current versus different concentrations of uric solution Acid (c), in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride, pH 2.0. Electrochemical condition: pre-potential of 0.42 mv applied for 10 s, used electrodes (working electrode: modified carbon paste electrode, reference electrode: SCE, auxiliary electrode: platinum wire), temperature: 25 °C.

The pH affects the current and peak potential of uric acid, as shown in Fig. 2b,c. Equation (1) indicates a negative shift in anodic peak potential with an increase in pH, which indicates deprotonation during oxidation is facilitated at higher pH, as indicated by the slope of − 0.053 V. According to the slope value, the same number of protons and electrons participate in the tyrosine oxidation reaction, which is consistent with previous studies35,36.

As can be seen from Fig. 3S-b,c tyrosine's response current and peak potentials are both affected by pH. As pH rises in the buffer solution, the anodic peak potential values decrease, indicating the participation of protons in the tyrosine oxidation process. Equation (2) shows a negative shift in the anodic peak potential with a slope of -0.0638 V. The slope obtained from Eq. (2) and its comparison with the theoretical value of -0.06 (m/n), where “m” is the number of protons and “n” is the number of electrons participating in the reaction, shows that the number of protons participating in the tyrosine oxidation reaction is equal to the number of electrons, in agreement with previous reports37,38.

The oxidation peak current for tyrosine and uric acid is maximum at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0, respectively, and decreases as the pH of the current environment increases. These curves also show two peaks for tyrosine and uric acid, indicating two pka. For simultaneous determination of tyrosine and uric acid on the surface of the modified electrode, all voltammetric measurements were conducted in phosphate buffer solution with pH 2.0 as carrier electrolyte. On the surface of the modified electrode, the proposed mechanism for oxidizing tyrosine and uric acid can be seen in Fig. 4S-A,B.

SWV of the human urine samples with different concentrations of uric acid(0.40, 10.49, 42.10, 75.40, 85.50, 95.00 µM) and tyrosine(0.10, 25.30, 83.70, 180.00, 206.00, 265.00 µM) at the surface of the modified electrode (a), the linear calibration curve of peak current versus different concentrations of tyrosine solution (b), the linear calibration curve of peak current versus different concentrations of uric solution Acid (c), in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride with pH 2.0. Electrochemical condition: pre-potential of 0.42 mv applied for 10 s, used electrodes (working electrode: modified carbon paste electrode, reference electrode: SCE, auxiliary electrode: platinum wire), temperature: 25 °C.

As part of the investigation of the effect of potential sweep speed on uric acid and tyrosine electrochemical behavior on the surface of the modified electrode, the LSV was recorded for each of the solutions of uric acid and tyrosine in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution with pH 2.0, containing concentrations of 3.46 and 29.7 µmole L−1, respectively, with scanning rates ranging from 50 to 130 ms per second and 10–100 ms per second, respectively. The voltammograms (8-a) and (9-a) show that the anodic current increases with an increase in scanning rate, as can be seen in the voltammograms (Figs. 5S-a, 6S-a). Based on Figs. 5S-b and 6S-b as well as the results obtained from the analysis of the graph of changes in anodic peak current versus potential sweep speed, and the graph of logarithmic anodic peak current versus potential sweep rate in Figs. 5S-c and 6S-c, the mechanism of oxidation of uric acid and tyrosine is influenced by absorption, according to the results of the analysis.

In each measurement, the modified electrode was immersed in a solution containing tyrosine and uric acid in order to study the effect of accumulation time on the anodic peak current. According to the results of this experiment, changing the accumulation time did not have any effect.

It also investigated whether the time at which the prepotential is applied affects the electrochemical response. An electrode with GO/AuNPs/MCPE modified was exposed to 0.42 mv of prepotential at different times in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 2.0 in the presence of 79.42 µmol L−1 uric acid. The square wave voltammetry technique showed an increase in the current of the electrode between 5 and 10 s, but no significant change was found beyond 10 s. It was therefore determined that 10 s would be the ideal time to apply the pre-potential (Fig. 7S).

In order to investigate the surface resistance of modified electrode (GO/AuNPs/MCPE), the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy response in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]−4/−3 couple as a redox probe was evaluated using the unmodified electrode and modified electrode (Fig. 8S). All the optimized conditions are described in Table 1S.

We measured electrode areas by LSV using [Fe(CN)6]−4/−3 as the probe in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 and different scanning rates. Randles–Sevcik equation is used for this reaction at T = 298 K.

Equation (3) deals with the "anodic peak current," the electron transfer (n = 1), the electrode surface, the diffusion coefficient, the scanning velocity, and the concentration of Fe(CN)6−4/−3.

Using 0.07 µmol L−1 solution of [Fe(CN)6]−4/−3, the surface of the electrode in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution, T = 298 K, C0* = 7 × 10−4 M, D = 5.0810−6 cm2mol−1, n = 1, F = 96,485 Cmol−1, R = 8.314 jk−1 mol−1 was obtained. The surface area of the unmodified electrode and the modified electrode was 0.129 cm2 and 0.190 cm2, respectively, using Eq. (3).

The square wave voltammograms of the modified electrode was performed using 4 consecutive tests using a concentration of 44.9 µmol L−1 uric acid and 45.3 µmol L−1 tyrosine solution in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 2.0 at a scanning rate of 100 mv/s for evaluating its repeatability behavior. Tyrosine had a relative standard deviation of 3.51% and uric acid had a relative standard deviation of 5.77%.

The same synthesis procedure was used to reproduce the oxidation current of three different modified electrodes (To prepare the electrode, gold nanoparticles-modified graphene oxide (8% w/w), graphite powder, and ecosan as an adhesive were mixed for 20 min at 40°C to obtain a homogenous mixture). Then, it was transferred to a Teflon tube with an inner diameter of 5 mm and an outer diameter of 2 mm, and its connection was established via a copper wire located in the middle of the Teflon tube) was calculated in uric acid and tyrosine solution with a concentration of 44.9 µmol L−1 and 45.3 µmol L−1 in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution, pH 2.0, and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride at a scanning rate of 100 mv/s. Calculating the standard deviation, we found that tyrosine had a relative standard deviation of 5.13% and uric acid had a relative standard deviation of 8.42%, respectively.

Following an evaluation of the parameters affecting the determination of tyrosine and uric acid, these two analytes were analyzed simultaneously, and a calibration curve was plotted. In order to accomplish this, uric acid and tyrosine solutions were prepared with different concentrations (0.06–141.00 µmol L−1 uric acid, 0.14–340.00 µmol L−1 tyrosine) in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution, pH 2.0, and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride at a scanning rate of 100 mv/s. A SWV technique was then used to determine the optimal conditions for using the modified carbon paste electrode. Considering the high sensitivity of this method, the SWV method was used to determine the limit of detection and linear range for the simultaneous determination of both tyrosine and uric acid. Tyrosine and uric acid concentrations are clearly related to the anodic peak current and the peak current increases as tyrosine and uric acid concentrations increase. In Fig. 3, you can see the SWV for the simultaneous evaluation of tyrosine and uric acid. The concentration range of 0.14–340.00 µmol L−1 for tyrosine (Fig. 3b) and the concentration range of 0.06–141.00 µmol L−1 (Fig. 3c) for uric acid were obtained. The Method detection limit (MDL) of tyrosine and uric acid was obtained at 0.0060 µmol L−1 and 0.0037 µmol L−1, respectively, and the equation of the line for each of them is given as Eqs. (4) and (5) below.

As a measure of the efficiency of the electrochemical method with the proposed electrode, the limit of detection and linear range obtained by this electrode were compared with some previously published literature (Table 1). In this comparison, it was found that the sensor prepared using the proposed method was highly efficient and cost-effective.

Real samples were used to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of this MCPE. As part of this process, the urine sample was prepared in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride with pH 2.0, considering the DLR in simultaneous determination. Specific amounts of tyrosine and uric acid were added to the sample, and an SWV technique was utilized to record the voltammogram (Fig. 4a). The plot of concentration versus flow indicates that this method has a detection limit of 0.0067 µ moles L−1 and 0.001 µmole L−1, a correlation coefficient of 98.35% and 97.79%, and a sensitivity of 0.3117 and 0.6589 for tyrosine and uric acid, respectively, in real urine samples (Fig. 4b,c). Based on these results, the proposed method is applicable to the analysis of biological samples. Data for real samples are summarized in Table 2S.

This method was tested in different matrixes in order to investigate its selectivity and efficiency. A quantitative study was conducted using solutions containing uric acid and tyrosine with concentrations of 0.014 mol L−1 and 0.07 mol L−1, respectively, as well as different concentrations of interfering species in pH 2.0 phosphate buffer solutions of 0.2 mol L−1 and 0.1 mol L−1 potassium chloride at Table 3S, the results confirm the feasibility of using the proposed method for both tyrosine and uric acid determinations.

It is possible to use the modified GO/AuNPs/MCPE simultaneously to detect and determine tyrosine and uric acid. The potential difference between tyrosine and uric acid is 0.348 mv, allowing peak separation. This modified electrode shows high electrochemical activity for the oxidation of tyrosine and uric acid in the presence of other interfering compounds. Based on the electrochemical behavior of tyrosine and uric acid, the proposed modified sensor has a high sensitivity. As compared to previous studies, the proposed electrode exhibits a wide linear range in different concentrations and has a low limit of detection. The determination of tyrosine and uric acid in this research confirms the success of the suggested method. In the future, new materials can be used as electrochemical sensors to determine new compounds in complex matrices.

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in the article and supplementary material. More data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Kamel, A. H. Conventional and planar chip sensors for potentiometric assay of uric acid in biological fluids using flow injection analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. 45(2), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2007.05.012 (2007).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Liu, Y. et al. A metabolic profiling analysis of symptomatic gout in human serum and urine using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector technique. Clin. Chim. Acta 412, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCA.2011.07.031 (2011).

Article Google Scholar

Guggi, V., Calame, L. & Gerster, J. C. Contribution of digit joint aspiration to the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Joint Bone Spine 69(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1297-319X(01)00342-6 (2002).

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Du, C. Y., Shi, P. F., Cheng, X. Q. & Yin, G. P. Effective protonic and electronic conductivity of the catalyst layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun. 6(5), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELECOM.2004.02.006 (2004).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Tang, X., Liu, Y., Hou, H. & You, T. Electrochemical determination of L-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine and L-Cysteine using electrospun carbon nanofibers modified electrode. Talanta 80(5), 2182–2186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2009.11.027 (2010).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Varmira, K. et al. Fabrication of a novel enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for determination of tyrosine in some food samples. Talanta 183, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2018.02.053 (2018).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Ghoreishi, S., Behpour, M., Delshad, M. & Khoobi, A. Electrochemical determination of tyrosine in the presence of uric acid at a carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhanced by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Open Chemem. 10(6), 1824–1829. https://doi.org/10.2478/S11532-012-0119-X/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS (2012).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Ghoreishi, S. M., Behpour, M., Jafari, N. & Golestaneh, M. Electrochemical determination of tyrosine in the presence of dopamine and uric acid at the surface of gold nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 59(8), 1015–1020. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.201100654 (2012).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Miura, M. & Takahashi, N. Routine therapeutic drug monitoring of tyrosine kinase inhibitors by HPLC–UV or LC–MS/MS methods. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 31(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DMPK.2015.09.002 (2016).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Xiao, T., Guo, Z., Sun, B. & Zhao, Y. Identification of anthocyanins from four kinds of berries and their inhibition activity to α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by HPLC–FT-ICR MS/MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 65(30), 6211–6221. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JAFC.7B02550/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/JF-2017-025504_0003.GIF (2017).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Olmo, F., Garoz-Ruiz, J., Colina, A. & Heras, A. Derivative UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry in a thin-layer regime: deconvolution and simultaneous quantification of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412, 6329–6339. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-020-02564-1 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Liang, X., Liu, F., Wan, Y., Yin, X. & Liu, W. Facile synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of tyrosine metabolites in human urine. J. Chromatogr. A 1587, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2018.12.014 (2019).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Beitollahi, H. & Nekooei, S. Application of a modified CuO nanoparticles carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of isoperenaline, acetaminophen and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Electroanalysis 28, 645–653. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201500249 (2016).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Rezaei, B., Khosropour, H., Ensafi, A. A., Hadadzadeh, H. & Farrokhpour, H. A differential pulse voltammetric sensor for determination of glutathione in real samples using a trichloro(terpyridine) ruthenium(III)/multiwall carbon nanotubes modified paste electrode. IEEE Sens. J. 15, 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2343152 (2015).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Oliveira, P. R. et al. Electrochemical determination of copper ions in spirit drinks using carbon paste electrode modified with biochar. Food Chem 171, 426–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.023 (2015).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Liu, C., Xu, Z. & Liu, L. Covalent bonded graphene/neutral red nanocomposite prepared by one-step electrochemical method and its electrocatalytic properties toward uric acid. Electroanalysis 30(6), 1017–1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ELAN.201700817/REFERENCES (2018).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Dong, S. et al. Electrochemical sensor for discrimination tyrosine enantiomers using graphene quantum dots and β-cyclodextrins composites. Talanta 173, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2017.05.045 (2017).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Zhao, H. et al. A novel sandwich-type electrochemical biosensor enabling sensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA. Microchem. J. 171, 106783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micro.2021.106783 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Faraday, M. The Bakerian Lecture—Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 147, 145–181. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1857.0011 (1857).

Article ADS Google Scholar

Kanchana, V., Navaneethan, M. & Sekar, C. Fabrication of Ce doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, uric acid and tyrosine. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 226, 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEB.2017.09.015 (2017).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Singh, L. et al. LSPR based uric acid sensor using graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles functionalized tapered fiber. Opt. Fiber. Technol. 53, 102043. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YOFTE.2019.102043 (2019).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Liu, M. et al. Electrochemical determination of tyrosine using graphene and gold nanoparticle composite modified glassy carbon electrode. Russ. J. Electrochem. 57, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193520110063/REFERENCES (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Munkhbayar, B. et al. Effect of grinding speed changes on dispersibility of the treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution and its thermal characteristics. Eng. Process.: Process Intensif. 61, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2012.06.013 (2012).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Esfe, M. H., Saedodin, S., Mahian, O. & Wongwises, S. Thermophysical properties, heat transfer and pressure drop of COOH-functionalized multi walled carbon nanotubes/water nanofluids. Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 58, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.08.037 (2014).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Dalkılıç, A. S., Türk, O. A., Mercan, H., Nakkaew, S. & Wongwises, S. An experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of graphite-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluid flow in horizontal tube with various quad-channel twisted tape inserts. Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 107, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.05.013 (2019).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Sedeh, R. N., Abdollahi, A. & Karimipour, A. Experimental investigation toward obtaining nanoparticles’ surficial interaction with basefluid components based on measuring thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 103, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.02.016 (2019).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Sarafraz, M. M., Yang, B., Pourmehran, O., Arjomandi, M. & Ghomashchi, R. Fluid and heat transfer characteristics of aqueous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanofluid in a microchannel. Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 107, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.05.004 (2019).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Ghaffarkhah, A. et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of rheological characterization of hybrid nano-lubricants containing COOH-Functionalized MWCNTs and oxide nanoparticles. Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 101, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.01.003 (2019).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Krishnamoorthy, K., Veerapandian, M., Yun, K. & Kim, S. J. The chemical and structural analysis of graphene oxide with different degrees of oxidation. Carbon 53, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.013 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Amaro-Gahete, J. et al. A comparative study of particle size distribution of graphene nanosheets synthesized by an ultrasound-assisted method. Nanomaterials 9, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020152 (2019).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Dastnaei, A., Behbahani, M., Pourrajab, R. & Noghrehabadi, A. Evaluation and optimization of the thermal conductivity enhancement of a water-based GO nanosheets/Au NPs hybrid nanofluid: Box–Behnken design. New J. Chem. 46, 20010–20021. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ04104A (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Lammel, T., Boisseaux, P., Fernández-Cruz, M. L. & Navas, J. M. Internalization and cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and carboxyl graphene nanoplatelets in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 10, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-27 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Kashyap, S., Mishra, S. & Behera, S. K. Aqueous colloidal stability of graphene oxide and chemically converted graphene. J. Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/640281 (2014).

Article Google Scholar

Kaur, B., Pandiyan, T., Satpati, B. & Srivastava, R. Simultaneous and sensitive determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, and tryptophan with silver nanoparticles-decorated reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. Colloids Surf. B 111, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.023 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Kocak, C. C. & Dursun, Z. Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, epinephrine and uric acid at over-oxidized poly (p-aminophenol) film modified electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 694, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.02.006 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Li, J. et al. Electrochemical tyrosine sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanohybrid made from graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Microchim. Acta 180, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0905-3 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Lin, L., Chen, H. & Zhao, M. Au nanoparticles @metal organic framework/polythionine loaded with molecularly imprinted polymer sensor: Preparation, characterization, and electrochemical detection of tyrosine. J. Electroanal. Chem. 863, 114052. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JELECHEM.2020.114052 (2020).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Liu, X., Luo, L., Ding, Y., Kang, Z. & Ye, D. determination of L-cysteine and L-tyrosine using Au-nanoparticles/poly-eriochrome black T film modified glassy carbon electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 86, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.01.008 (2012).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Arvand, M. & Gholizadeh, T. M. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of tyrosine and paracetamol using a carbon nanotube-graphene nanosheet nanocomposite modified electrode in human blood serum and pharmaceuticals. Colloids Surf. B. 103, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2012.10.024 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Zheng, W. et al. Electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer/reduced graphene oxide composite for simultaneous determination of uric acid and tyrosine. J. Electroanal. Chem. 813, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JELECHEM.2018.02.022 (2018).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Mergola, L., Scorrano, S., Del Sole, R., Lazzoi, M. R. & Vasapollo, G. Developments in the synthesis of a water compatible molecularly imprinted polymer as artificial receptor for detection of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine in neurological diseases. Biosens. Bioelectron. 40(1), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOS.2012.07.074 (2013).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Amiri, N. S. & Hosseini, M. R. M. Application of ratiometric fluorescence sensor-based microwave-assisted synthesized CdTe quantum dots and mesoporous structured epitope-imprinted polymers for highly efficient determination of tyrosine phosphopeptide. Anal. Methods-UK 12(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AY00276F (2020).

Article Google Scholar

Li, D. Y. et al. A “turn-on” fluorescent receptor for detecting tyrosine phosphopeptide using the surface imprinting procedure and the epitope approach. Biosens. Bioelectron. 66, 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOS.2014.11.023 (2015).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Arvand, M. & Hassannezhad, M. Magnetic core–shell Fe3O4@ SiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for amplified electrochemical sensing of uric acid. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 36, 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.12.014 (2014).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Ghanbari, K. H. & Hajian, A. Electrochemical characterization of Au/ZnO/PPy/RGO nanocomposite and its application for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, epinephrine, and uric acid. J. Electroanal. Chem. 801, 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.024 (2017).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Veerla, R. S., Sahatiya, P. & Badhulika, S. Fabrication of a flexible UV photodetector and disposable photoresponsive uric acid sensor by direct writing of ZnO pencil on paper. J. Mater. Chem C 5(39), 10231–10240. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC03292G (2017).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Zhou, S. et al. An eco-friendly hydrophilic interaction HPLC method for the determination of renal function biomarkers, creatinine and uric acid, in human fluids. Anal. Methods-UK 5(5), 1307–1311. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AY26362A (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

The authors are grateful to the University of Birjand for the financial support of this work.

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran

Elahe Garazhian & Majid Kalate Bojdi

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Mohammad Behbahani

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

The team's supervisor, M.K.B., oversaw all research steps from data gathering to manuscript preparation/revision. E. G. was responsible for preparing Tables and Figs related to optimization and real samples and played a significant role in experimental data gathering, preparation of results, and data analysis. M.B. contributed to conducting some results, especially in real samples, and writing some parts of the manuscript. M.K. B. and E. G. collaborated on writing the main manuscript text, while all authors contributed to correcting and revising the final version.

Correspondence to Majid Kalate Bojdi.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

Garazhian, E., Kalate Bojdi, M. & Behbahani, M. Decorated graphene oxide with gold nanoparticles as a sensitive modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of tyrosine and uric acid. Sci Rep 13, 17501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44540-6

Download citation

Received: 25 June 2023

Accepted: 10 October 2023

Published: 15 October 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44540-6

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.